Sida Biogenesis, Dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyo Mitophagy ay u hagaajiyaan Maskaxdaada
Waqtiga akhriska ee la qiyaasay: 8 daqiiqo
Qaarkiin ayaa bilaabaya inay fahmaan inaad u baahan tahay inaad diirada saarto shaqada mitochondrial si aad u hesho maskax caafimaad qabta oo u ogolaanaysa niyadda wanaagsan iyo shaqada garashada rockin. Qaarkiin waxaad ku fiican tihiin ogaanshaha mitochondria inay fure u yihiin. Waxaana laga yaabaa inaad ku raaxaysato qoraalkan fudud ee ku saabsan organelles-kan cajiibka ah!
Laakin qaarkiin ayaa raba in aad wax badan ka ogaataan mitochondria, in aad barataan iyaga ayaa muhiim kuu ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad la mid tahay aniga oo kale, kaasoo u baahan inuu si dhab ah u fahmo cilmigayga "sababta" wax si ay u wada galaan iyo in dabeecadahayga cusub ay ujeedo yeeshaan. Markaa haddii aad sidaas tahay, boostada blog-ga waa adiga!
Aynu ka wada hadalno waddooyinka ilaalinaya caafimaadka mitochondrial ka dibna aan eegno sida cuntooyinka ketogenic ay saameyn ugu yeelan karaan waddooyinkaas si ay kaaga caawiyaan inaad fiicnaato. Ma bilaabaynaa?
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Biogenesis Mitochondrial waa geeddi-socod ay mitochondria cusub ka soo baxdo unugga dhexdiisa, waxayna ka ciyaartaa door muhiim ah nidaaminta dheef-shiid kiimikaadka gacanta, ilaalinta tamarta homeostasis, iyo yaraynta saamaynta diiqada oksaydhka. Nidaamkan si heer sare ah ayaa loo habeeyey oo wuxuu ku lug leeyahay isuduwidda murugsan ee muujinta hidda-socodka, tarjumaada borotiinka, iyo isu-ururinta xubnaha.
Dareewalka aasaasiga ah ee biogenesis mitochondrial waa wada-hawlgaliyaha qoraalka qoraalka ah PGC-1a. Ha ka baqin maraq yar oo alifbeetada ah. Tani way fududahay in la fahmo! Waan ballan qaaday.
Koodhka hidda-wadaha PGC-1a ee borotiinka loo yaqaan PGC-1a. La yaab ma leh, maadaama hiddo-wadaha badankood ay bixiyaan tilmaamo lagu sameeyo borotiinnada.
PGC-1a waa borotiin ka caawiya abuurista iyo ilaalinta caafimaadka mitochondria ee neerfayaasha iyadoo kor u qaadeysa soo saarista mitochondria cusub. Waxay kicisaa muujinta hiddo-wadaha ku lug leh biogenesis mitochondrial (abuurista!) iyo shaqada, ugu dambeyntii soo saarista mitochondria cusub iyo kor u qaadida awoodda mitochondria ee jira si ay u soo saarto tamar!
Guud ahaan, habka biogenesis mitochondrial waxay ku lug leedahay muujinta isku dubaridka ee hiddo-wadaha badan iyo isu-ururinta tiro badan oo borotiinno ah iyo unugyo kale, oo ku dhammaanaya samaynta mitochondria cusub gudaha unugyada. Oo haddii aanad haysan qaybtan ka mid ah shaqada mitirka ee u socota si caafimaad qabta, maskaxdaadu waxay u baahan tahay inay gaajooto tamarta ay u baahan tahay si ay u shaqeyso oo ay isu ilaaliso. Waxay keentaa guud ahaan saameyn taban oo sababa dhibaatooyinka waddooyinkan kale ee mitochondrial.
Haddaba aan wax badan baranno.
Mitochondrial Dynamics
Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mitochondrial waxaa loola jeedaa habka mitochondria ay u beddesho qaabkooda iyo cabbirkooda iyagoo ka jawaabaya calaamadaha kala duwan ee jirkeena. Habkan waxaa gacanta ku haya laba hab oo waaweyn: isku-dhafka iyo fission. Ha ka baqin labadan erey (sida aan ahaa), sababtoo ah si fudud ayaan halkan ugu sharaxayaa.
Fusion waa marka laba ama in ka badan mitochondria ay isu yimaadaan si ay u sameeyaan shabakad weyn oo isku xidhan, halka fission yahay marka mitokondrion u kala qaybiyo laba ama ka badan oo unug yar. Isku-dhafka mitochondria wuxuu kordhin karaa qadarka tamarta la soo saaro, halka fissionku uu yarayn karo. Tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa mitochondria inay la qabsato baahida tamarta kala duwan ee unugga.
Marka la maro fiyuuska iyo fission, mitochondria waxay la qabsan kartaa beddelka baahida tamarta waxayna ka jawaabi kartaa walwalka gacanta. Tani waa sababta oo ah marka mitochondria ay isku dhafan tahay, waxay wadaagaan kheyraadka waxayna soo saari karaan tamar ka badan marka ay kala maqan yihiin. Taa beddelkeeda, marka mitochondria ay gasho fission, waxay noqdaan kuwo yaryar oo go'doonsan, taas oo yareyn karta wax soo saarka tamarta.
Isbeddellada qaabka mitochondrial waa muhiim waxayna ka caawin karaan inay ka jawaabaan walbahaarka gacanta. Tusaale ahaan, marka unugyadu ay la kulmaan heerar sare oo cadaadis oksaydh ah (kaas oo dhaawici kara unugyada iyo DNA), mitochondria waxaa laga yaabaa inay gasho fission si ay u abuurto mitochondria cusub, caafimaad leh oo si fiican ula qabsan kara walaaca. Isbeddelladan qaabka (morphology) ayaa sidoo kale kaa caawin kara fududeynta xiriirka ka dhexeeya mitochondria iyo qaybaha kale ee unugyada. Tusaale ahaan, isku-dhafka mitochondria waxay u oggolaan kartaa is-dhaafsiga borotiinnada iyo molecules kale ee u dhexeeya mitochondria, taas oo muhiim u ah nidaaminta dheef-shiid kiimikaadka gacanta iyo soosaarka tamarta.
Mitochondrial Mitophagy
Mitochondrial mitophagy waa hab ay unugyadu si xushmad leh uga saaraan mitochondria dhaawacan ama aan shaqaynayn, ka caawinta in la ilaaliyo shabakad mitochondrial caafimaad leh oo ay hoos u dhigto cadaadiska oksaydhka. Dhammaantiin waad wada garanaysaan hadda waxa ay taasi ka dhigan tahay shaqada maskaxda!
Habka mitochondrial mitophagy waxay ku lug leedahay dhowr tillaabo. Marka hore, mitochondria ee dhaawacan ama aan shaqaynayn ayaa lagu gartaa oo lagu calaamadiyaa burburinta habka loo yaqaan 'ubiquitination'. Ereygan madadaalada ah wuxuu qeexayaa habka borotiinka loo yaqaan ubiquitin lagu daro mitochondria dhaawacan, iyaga oo calaamadeynaya in laga saaro.
Marka xigta, mitochondria calaamadeysan waxaa ku wareegsan qaab dhismeedka xuubka loo yaqaan 'autophagosome', kaas oo sameeya vesicle kaas oo daboolaya mitochondria dhaawaca. Autophagosome-ka ayaa markaa ku darsamaya lysosome, xubin gaar ah oo ka kooban enzymes burburin kara oo hoos u dhigi kara qashinka gacanta.
Marka mitochondria ee dhaawacan ay ku jiraan gudaha lysosome, ensaymyadu waxay u jajabiyaan qaybahooda, kuwaas oo dib loo warshadayn karo unuggu. Waa nidaam adag oo ku lug leh dhowr tillaabo iyo isku xirka qaybaha kala duwan ee gacanta. Nasiib wanaag, uma baahnid inaad fahamto dhammaan tillaabooyinka si aad u ogaato in habkan mitochondrial uu muhiim u yahay yoolalka caafimaadka maskaxdaada.
Inta lagu jiro xilliyada cilladda mitochondrial iyo fashilka hababka xakamaynta tayada mitochondrial (sida mitophagy) ROS/RNS waxay keeni kartaa dhaawac ku yimaada macromolecules-ka gacanta iyo dhimashada unugyada necrotic. Xakamaynta saxda ah iyo isuduwidda dariiqyada mitirka ayaa muhiim u ah ka hortagga dhimashada unugyada iyo bararka.
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). Mitophagy iyo maskaxda. Jaamicadda Caalamiga ah ee sayniska molecular, 21(24), 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
Nidaamkan xulashada ah ee ka saarista mitochondria ee dhaawacan waxay caawisaa si ay u ilaaliso shabakad mitochondrial caafimaad leh waxayna yaraynaysaa diiqada oksaydhka oo asal ahaan waa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah awoodaada inaad ka soo kabsato niyaddaada iyo shaqada garashada!
#MitochondriaMatter
Maskaxda dhexdeeda, mitophagy-ga ayaa si gaar ah muhiim ugu ah baahida tamarta sare ee unugyada maskaxda iyo u nuglaanshahooda cadaadiska oksaydhka. Shaqada mitochondrial ee daciifka ah iyo walbahaarka oksaydhka ayaa lagu lug yeeshay horumarinta xanuunada neurodegenerative ee kala duwan iyo jirrooyinka dhimirka.
Cuntooyinka Ketogenic iyo Mitochondria
Waxaan u maleynayaa inay muhiim kuu tahay inaad ogaato in cuntada ketogenic ay saameyn togan oo qotodheer ku leedahay waddooyinkan mitochondrial.
Waxaa jira caddayn ah in cuntooyinka ketogenic ay saameyn ku yeelan karaan dhaqdhaqaaqa mitochondrial, oo ay ku jiraan hababka fiyuuska iyo fission ee qaabeeya morphology mitochondrial. Cilmi-baadhisyada xayawaanka iyo bini-aadmiga labadaba waxay muujiyeen in cuntooyinka ketogenic ay kordhin karaan muujinta hiddo-wadaha ku lug leh isku-dhafka mitochondrial, kordhinta cabbirka mitochondrial iyo kakanaanta shabakada.
Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujiyeen in cuntooyinka ketogenic ay hoos u dhigi karaan muujinta hiddo-wadaha ku lug leh fission mitochondrial, taas oo kor u qaadi karta jajabinta mitochondrial iyo cillad. Gaar ahaan, cunto ketogenic ah ayaa la ogaaday si loo yareeyo muujinta borotiinka Drp1, kaas oo ku lug leh habka mitochondrial fission.
KD waxaa laga yaabaa inay xakameyso ER [endoplasmic reticulum] walbahaarka oo ay ilaaliso daacadnimada mitochondrial iyadoo la xakameynayo tarjumaadda mitochondrial ee Drp1 si loo xakameeyo firfircoonida caabuqa ee NLRP3, sidaas darteed saameynaha neuroprotective.
Maxaynu u rabnaa in aan hoos u dhigno fission-ka mitochondrial? Sababtoo ah fission-ka xad-dhaafka ah ee mitochondrial wuxuu u horseedi karaa burburka mitochondrial iyo cillad la'aan, kaas oo lala xiriiriyay cudurro kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan cilladaha neerfayaasha.
Isbeddelladan dhaqdhaqaaqa mitochondrial waxay gacan ka geysan karaan horumarinta guud ee shaqada mitochondrial ee lagu arkay cuntooyinka ketogenic.
Inkasta oo hababka loo marayo cuntada ketogenic laga yaabo inay hagaajiyaan xaaladahan waxay sii ballaariyaan ka baxsan shaqada mitochondrial, xadka weyn ee ketosis nafaqadu waxay kordhisaa ku tiirsanaanta dheef-shiid kiimikaadka mitochondrial waxay si xooggan u soo jeedinaysaa in la qabsiga mitochondrial uu yahay arrin dhexe.
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). Ketosis nafaqeynta iyo mitochormesis: saameynta suurtagalka ah ee shaqada mitochondrial iyo caafimaadka aadanaha. Joornaalka nafaqeynta iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
Ugu Dambeyn
Markaa haa, mitochondria waa quwadaha unugyadeena, masuulka ka ah soo saarida tamarta ay unugyadeenu u baahan yihiin inay si sax ah u shaqeeyaan. Laakiin hababka dhaqdhaqaaqyada mitochondrial, mitochondrial mitophagy, iyo biogenesis mitochondrial ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah ilaalinta caafimaadka xubnahan muhiimka ah iyo shaqada saxda ah.
Nidaamyadan, unugyadu waxay nidaamin karaan wax soo saarka tamarta iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka maskaxda. Waxaan u baahanahay dariiqyadan oo si fiican u shaqeynaya si ay ula qabsadaan isbeddelka baahida tamarta, uga jawaabaan walaacyada gacanta, iyo ka hortagga isu-ururinta mitochondria ee dhaawacan ama aan shaqaynayn. Maxaase dhacaya marka waddooyinkan ay waxyeeleeyaan maskaxda? Waxaan aragnaa horumarinta jirrooyinka dhimirka iyo cilladaha neurodegenerative.
Haddii hadalkaas u dambeeya uu u muuqdo mid fadeexad ah oo aan cilmi-baaris ku jirin, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad la qabsato dhinacyada maskaxda ee dheef-shiid kiimikaadka iyo neerfaha. Waxaan kugula talin lahaa inaad iska hubiso Buuga Chris Palmer ee Brain Energy (eeg tixraacyada).
Boostada blog-ka, waxaad ku baratay in cilmi-baaristii ugu dambeysay ay taageerto sheegashada in cuntada ketogenic ay saameyn muhiim ah ku yeelan karto dhaqdhaqaaqa mitochondrial iyo shaqada. Annagu kama hadlayno cuntooyinka ketogenic ee leh saameyn xun. Cunto ketogenic ah ayaa macno ahaan beddeleysa muujinta hiddo-wadaha ku lug leh fission-ka mitochondrial iyo isku-dhafka waxayna sameeyaan saameynaha neuroprotective.
Haddii aad rabto inaad ila shaqeyso si aan u yeesho hawlo mitochondrial laad-dameer sida kuwan oo kale ah, waxaa lagugu soo dhaweynayaa inaad wax ka weydiiso barnaamijkayga khadka tooska ah ee hoose:
Rajadaydu waxay tahay in boostada blogku ay gacan ka geysatay fahamkaaga hababka xakameynaya shaqada mitochondrial iyo firfircoonida iyo sida cuntooyinka ketogenic ay u noqon karaan faragelin xoog leh si loo daaweeyo cilladaha dheef-shiid kiimikaadka ee maskaxda oo muujinaya sida jirro maskaxeed iyo xanuunada neerfaha.
Sababtoo ah waxaad xaq u leedahay inaad ogaato dhammaan siyaabaha aad ku dareemi karto fiicnaan.
tixraacyada
Guo, M., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Yang, Q., Ding, H., Dong, Q., … & Cui, M. (2018). Cunnada ketogenic waxay hagaajisaa dulqaadka ischemic maskaxda waxayna joojisaa NLRP3 firfircoonida bararka iyadoo ka hortagaysa Drp1-dhexdhexaadinta mitochondrial fission iyo walbahaarka endoplasmic reticulum. Xuduudaha Jirka ee Molecular Neuroscience, 11, 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00086
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). Ketosis nafaqeynta iyo mitochormesis: saameynta suurtagalka ah ee shaqada mitochondrial iyo caafimaadka aadanaha. Joornaalka nafaqeynta iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
Palmer, CD (2014). Tamarta Maskaxda. Saxaafadda tacliinta. https://brainenergy.com/
Qu, C., Keijer, J., Adjobo-Hermans, MJ, van de Wal, M., Schirris, T., van Karnebeek, C., … & Koopman, WJ (2021). Cunnada ketogenic sida istaraatiijiyad faragelinta daaweynta ee cudurka mitochondrial. Joornaalka Caalamiga ah ee Biochemistry & Biology Cell, 138, 106050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106050
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). Mitophagy iyo maskaxda. Jaamicadda Caalamiga ah ee sayniska molecular, 21(24), 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
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